diff --git a/fake-mobile.cpp b/fake-mobile.cpp
index 14231595..0bd98b44 100644
--- a/fake-mobile.cpp
+++ b/fake-mobile.cpp
@@ -32,10 +32,10 @@ transmatrix getOrientation() {
   lasttick = curtick;
   Uint8 *keystate = SDL_GetKeyState(NULL);
   if(keystate[SDLK_LCTRL]) {
-    if(keystate['s']) Orient = Orient * rotmatrix(t, 2, 1);
-    if(keystate['w']) Orient = Orient * rotmatrix(t, 1, 2);
-    if(keystate['a']) Orient = Orient * rotmatrix(t, 2, 0);
-    if(keystate['d']) Orient = Orient * rotmatrix(t, 0, 2);
+    if(keystate['s']) Orient = Orient * cspin(2, 1, t);
+    if(keystate['w']) Orient = Orient * cspin(1, 2, t);
+    if(keystate['a']) Orient = Orient * cspin(2, 0, t);
+    if(keystate['d']) Orient = Orient * cspin(0, 2, t);
     }
   return Orient;
   }
diff --git a/hyperpoint.cpp b/hyperpoint.cpp
index e02a3e91..b23fb4de 100644
--- a/hyperpoint.cpp
+++ b/hyperpoint.cpp
@@ -726,15 +726,6 @@ bool operator == (hyperpoint h1, hyperpoint h2) {
 
 // rotation matrix in R^3
 
-EX transmatrix rotmatrix(double rotation, int c0, int c1) {
-  transmatrix t = Id;
-  t[c0][c0] = cos(rotation);
-  t[c1][c1] = cos(rotation);
-  t[c0][c1] = sin(rotation);
-  t[c1][c0] = -sin(rotation);
-  return t;
-  }
-
 EX hyperpoint mid3(hyperpoint h1, hyperpoint h2, hyperpoint h3) {
   return mid(h1+h2+h3, h1+h2+h3);
   }
diff --git a/hyperweb.cpp b/hyperweb.cpp
index fb94eda1..b1fb905c 100644
--- a/hyperweb.cpp
+++ b/hyperweb.cpp
@@ -175,9 +175,9 @@ transmatrix getOrientation() {
   beta = EM_ASM_DOUBLE({ return rotation_beta; });
   gamma = EM_ASM_DOUBLE({ return rotation_gamma; });
   return 
-    rotmatrix(alpha * degree, 0, 1) *
-    rotmatrix(beta * degree, 1, 2) *
-    rotmatrix(gamma * degree, 0, 2);
+    cspin(0, 1, alpha * degree) *
+    cspin(1, 2, beta * degree) *
+    cspin(0, 2, gamma * degree);
   }
 #endif
 
diff --git a/hypgraph.cpp b/hypgraph.cpp
index aef641a8..f0c11d16 100644
--- a/hypgraph.cpp
+++ b/hypgraph.cpp
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ void make_twopoint(ld& x, ld& y) {
 
 hyperpoint mobius(hyperpoint h, ld angle, ld scale = 1) {
   h = perspective_to_space(h * scale, 1, gcSphere);
-  h = rotmatrix(angle * degree, 1, 2) * h;
+  h = cspin(1, 2, angle * degree) * h;
   return space_to_perspective(h, 1) / scale;
   }
 
diff --git a/rug.cpp b/rug.cpp
index 23c1849a..d05a6d95 100644
--- a/rug.cpp
+++ b/rug.cpp
@@ -1554,7 +1554,7 @@ bool handlekeys(int sym, int uni) {
       crystal::switch_z_coordinate();
     else
     #endif
-      apply_rotation(rotmatrix(M_PI, 0, 2));
+      apply_rotation(cspin(0, 2, M_PI));
     return true;
     }
   else if(NUMBERKEY == '3') {
@@ -1563,7 +1563,7 @@ bool handlekeys(int sym, int uni) {
       crystal::flip_z();
     else
     #endif
-      apply_rotation(rotmatrix(M_PI/2, 0, 2));
+      apply_rotation(cspin(0, 2, M_PI/2));
     return true;
     }
   #if CAP_CRYSTAL
@@ -1581,12 +1581,12 @@ bool handlekeys(int sym, int uni) {
     move_forward(-.1);
     return true;
     }
-  else if(sym == SDLK_HOME)  { apply_rotation(rotmatrix(.1, 0, 1)); return true; }
-  else if(sym == SDLK_END)   { apply_rotation(rotmatrix(.1, 1, 0)); return true; }
-  else if(sym == SDLK_DOWN)  { apply_rotation(rotmatrix(.1, 2, 1)); return true; }
-  else if(sym == SDLK_UP)    { apply_rotation(rotmatrix(.1, 1, 2)); return true; }
-  else if(sym == SDLK_LEFT)  { apply_rotation(rotmatrix(.1, 2, 0)); return true; }
-  else if(sym == SDLK_RIGHT) { apply_rotation(rotmatrix(.1, 0, 2)); return true; }
+  else if(sym == SDLK_HOME)  { apply_rotation(cspin(0, 1, .1)); return true; }
+  else if(sym == SDLK_END)   { apply_rotation(cspin(1, 0, .1)); return true; }
+  else if(sym == SDLK_DOWN)  { apply_rotation(cspin(2, 1, .1)); return true; }
+  else if(sym == SDLK_UP)    { apply_rotation(cspin(1, 2, .1)); return true; }
+  else if(sym == SDLK_LEFT)  { apply_rotation(cspin(2, 0, .1)); return true; }
+  else if(sym == SDLK_RIGHT) { apply_rotation(cspin(0, 2, .1)); return true; }
 #endif
   else return false;
   }
@@ -1659,13 +1659,13 @@ void actDraw() {
     if(finger_center) 
       perform_finger();
     else {
-      if(keystate[SDLK_HOME]) qm++, t = t * rotmatrix(alpha, 0, 1), protractor += alpha;
-      if(keystate[SDLK_END]) qm++, t = t * rotmatrix(alpha, 1, 0), protractor -= alpha;
+      if(keystate[SDLK_HOME]) qm++, t = t * cspin(0, 1, alpha), protractor += alpha;
+      if(keystate[SDLK_END]) qm++, t = t * cspin(1, 0, alpha), protractor -= alpha;
       if(!keystate[SDLK_LSHIFT]) {
-        if(keystate[SDLK_DOWN]) qm++, t = t * rotmatrix(alpha, 2, 1), protractor += alpha;
-        if(keystate[SDLK_UP]) qm++, t =  t * rotmatrix(alpha, 1, 2), protractor -= alpha;
-        if(keystate[SDLK_LEFT]) qm++, t = t * rotmatrix(alpha, 2, 0), protractor += alpha;
-        if(keystate[SDLK_RIGHT]) qm++, t =  t * rotmatrix(alpha, 0, 2), protractor -= alpha;
+        if(keystate[SDLK_DOWN]) qm++, t = t * cspin(2, 1, alpha), protractor += alpha;
+        if(keystate[SDLK_UP]) qm++, t =  t * cspin(1, 2, alpha), protractor -= alpha;
+        if(keystate[SDLK_LEFT]) qm++, t = t * cspin(2, 0, alpha), protractor += alpha;
+        if(keystate[SDLK_RIGHT]) qm++, t =  t * cspin(0, 2, alpha), protractor -= alpha;
         }
       if(keystate[SDLK_PAGEDOWN]) push -= alpha;
       if(keystate[SDLK_PAGEUP]) push += alpha;
@@ -1698,13 +1698,13 @@ void actDraw() {
       if(keystate[SDLK_HOME] && !in_crystal()) qm++, t = inverse(currentrot);
       if(keystate[SDLK_END]) {
         qm++;
-        if(in_crystal()) t = t * rotmatrix(alpha, 0, 1);
-        else t = currentrot * rotmatrix(alpha, 0, 1) * inverse(currentrot);
+        if(in_crystal()) t = t * cspin(0, 1, alpha);
+        else t = currentrot * cspin(0, 1, alpha) * inverse(currentrot);
         }
-      if(keystate[SDLK_DOWN]) qm++, t = t * rotmatrix(alpha, 1, 2);
-      if(keystate[SDLK_UP]) qm++, t =  t * rotmatrix(alpha, 2, 1);
-      if(keystate[SDLK_LEFT]) qm++, t = t * rotmatrix(alpha, 0, 2);
-      if(keystate[SDLK_RIGHT]) qm++, t =  t * rotmatrix(alpha, 2, 0);
+      if(keystate[SDLK_DOWN]) qm++, t = t * cspin(1, 2, alpha);
+      if(keystate[SDLK_UP]) qm++, t =  t * cspin(2, 1, alpha);
+      if(keystate[SDLK_LEFT]) qm++, t = t * cspin(0, 2, alpha);
+      if(keystate[SDLK_RIGHT]) qm++, t =  t * cspin(2, 0, alpha);
       if(keystate[SDLK_PAGEUP]) model_distance /= exp(alpha * ruggospeed);
       if(keystate[SDLK_PAGEDOWN]) model_distance *= exp(alpha * ruggospeed);
       }
diff --git a/screenshot.cpp b/screenshot.cpp
index 9f002a5d..fb9a3c4c 100644
--- a/screenshot.cpp
+++ b/screenshot.cpp
@@ -669,12 +669,12 @@ EX void apply() {
   #if CAP_RUG
   if(rug::rugged) {
     if(rug_rotation1) {
-      rug::apply_rotation(rotmatrix(rug_angle * degree, 1, 2));
-      rug::apply_rotation(rotmatrix(rug_rotation1 * 2 * M_PI * t / period, 0, 2));
-      rug::apply_rotation(rotmatrix(-rug_angle * degree, 1, 2));
+      rug::apply_rotation(cspin(1, 2, rug_angle * degree));
+      rug::apply_rotation(cspin(0, 2, rug_rotation1 * 2 * M_PI * t / period));
+      rug::apply_rotation(cspin(1, 2, -rug_angle * degree));
       }
     if(rug_rotation2) {
-      rug::apply_rotation(rug::currentrot * rotmatrix(rug_rotation2 * 2 * M_PI * t / period, 0, 1) * inverse(rug::currentrot));
+      rug::apply_rotation(rug::currentrot * cspin(0, 1, rug_rotation2 * 2 * M_PI * t / period) * inverse(rug::currentrot));
       }
     }
   #endif
@@ -1141,9 +1141,9 @@ void perspective() {
 void rug() {
   dynamicval<bool> b(rug::rugged, true);
   rug::physics();
-  rug::apply_rotation(rotmatrix(ticks / 3000., 1, 2));
+  rug::apply_rotation(cspin(1, 2, ticks / 3000.));
   gamescreen(2);
-  rug::apply_rotation(rotmatrix(-ticks / 3000., 1, 2));
+  rug::apply_rotation(cspin(1, 2, -ticks / 3000.));
   }
 #endif