You can use the standard math operators `+`, `-`, `*` (multiplication), `/` (division), `^` (exponentation), and math functions `sin`, `cos`, `tan`, `sinh`, `cosh`, `tanh`, `asin`, `acos`, `atan`, `asinh`, `acosh`, `atanh`, `exp`, `sqrt`, `log` (natural logarithm), `tan`,
Programming-style functions: `ifz(x,a,b)` (a if x=0, b otherwise), `ifp(x,a,b)` (a if x is positive, b otherwise), `test(x)` (returns x but also displays x while reading the file),
`let(x=a,b)` (compute the formula a and use its value as `x` in b).
Specialized functions are very useful for defining tilings.
*`edge_angles(x,y,z)` is the edge opposite x of the triangle with angles x, y, z (angles given in angleunits). Works only in non-Euclidean geometry. Length returned in absolute units.
*`edge(a,b)` is the edge of the {a,b} tiling. Works only if the {a,b} tiling is possible in the current non-Euclidean geometry. Length returned in absolute units.
*`regradius(a,b)` is the radius of the circumscribed circle on {a,b} tile. Works only if the {a,b} tiling is possible in the current non-Euclidean geometry. Length returned in absolute units.
*`arcmedge(3:^2,4:^3)` is the edge x such that the total internal angle of two triangles and three quadrangles of edge x equals 360 degrees. Works only if the tiling is possible in the current geometry.
The tes format also has some more features. Please read the tes files in `samples` subdirectory to see these in action.
* Real-valued sliders. These represent real values than can be changed in the engine. For example, you could have a real-valued slider x, that defines a Euclidean tiling with parallelograms
of angles x and 180<38>-x. Changing the value of a real-valued slider does not change the structure of the tiling (so it can be called without regenerating the map). See e.g. `slider.tes`.
* Integer-valued sliders. These represent integer values than can be changed in the engine. For example, a tes file can describe all {a,b} regular tessellations, where both a and b can
be changed using sliders. Changing the value of an integer-valued slider usually does change the structure of the tiling (so the map needs to be regenerated). See e.g. `regular.tes`.
* Affine tessellations. These are tessellations of the affine two-dimensional plane; their symmetries are not Euclidean isometries but rather affine transformations of R^2. See the examples in
`affine` subdirectory.
* Tiles with (ultra-)ideal angles. To achieve these, put `e1, [a1, e2, a2], e3` inside the `tile` definition; this will generate the tile as `e1, a1, e2, a2, e3` would, and then the edges `e1` and `e3`
are extended until they cross (usually, in an (ultra-)ideal point), and the edge `e2` is removed. Two convenient functions `ideal_angle` and `ideal_edge` are helpful. See e.g. `inf.tes`.
* Apeirogonal tiles. These are achieved by giving the tile multiplier as `*inf` (e.g., `tile(e0, a0, *inf)`). See e.g. `pseudogons.tes`.
* Star polygons. Just add a line "star." so that the engine is not confused. See e.g. `star-72-7.tes`. Star polyhedra are best viewed in 3D (in settings -> 3D configuration,
enable "configure FPP automatically", and also "make the tiles flat"; then leave the menu and move the camera using Home/End and arrow keys).
* Tessellations including a definition of a regular tree used to construct the tessellation. This allows non-periodic tessellations (in the style of binary tiling), see `horotiling.tes`.
* If the tessellation is invalid, HyperRogue will invoke a debugger, which lets you see the tiles you have defined and move according to their connections. You can also invoke this debugger
Normally, when you choose to load a tes file, a game of HyperRogue is run on the tiling selected. Which might be not what you wanted. Here are some hints for making nice pictures.
* If you just wanted to draw the tessellation, do 'experiment with geometry' -> 'pattern'. Most useful patterns are: single color, random, types, sides.
* By default, HyperRogue tiles have wide borders, which might be not what you want. Also in the 'pattern' menu, you can enable 'display full floors' to prevent this.
* HyperRogue approximates the edges using polylines. If the current approximation is not sufficient, change main menu -> settings -> general graphics -> vector settings -> line quality to a higher value.
From the same menu you can also change the line width.
* For tessellations including apeirogons you probably want the setting "simplified display of apeirogons" in 'experiment with geometry'. (This way you avoid the semicircular artifacts in the parts of the
apeirogons which are close to the boundary.)
* The screenshot menu 'experiment with geometry' -> 'take screenshot' has many useful options, e.g., to hide the player, change the pattern colors (for tile/type patterns), center the screenshot on a tile
center/vertex/edge, increase the range of tiles rendered, etc.
* To post screenshots of hyperbolic tessellations online, we recommend the following screenshot settings. In the 'projection' menu (experiment with geometry -> projection) change the scale factor to something
slightly less than 1 (otherwise the Poincar<61> disk fills the whole image which does not look great). Make the screenshot transparent (screenshot menu). Change the projection background (screenshot ->
colors & aura) to solid black (by setting the alpha to max value). This will make the background of the Poincar<61> disk black, while the rest of the image will be transparent, so it will use the background
color of the website you post it on.
* To print the screenshots of tessellations (e.g. to use them in math papers), it is recommended to use a vector-based format rather than PNG. Change the screenshot format (in screenshot menu) to SVG.
SVG files can be converted to PDF using e.g. Inkscape. Unfortunately SVG/PDF files of hyperbolic tessellations tend to be large (lots of details), so you might want to control the quality (using sight
range settings). Options such as line width, transparency, etc. do affect SVG screenshots.
* You can also try menu -> creative mode -> map editor -> map settings -> canvas floor shape. This applies some HyperRogue floor shape tessellations to the current tiling. (You need to select the 'pattern'
* Most options can be also set from the commandline. For example `hyperrogue -tes tessellations/sample/hr-standard-tiling.tes -canvas B -wsh 9 -shot-1000 -shott 1 -fillmodel 000000ff -zoom .95 -smart 1 -noplayer -vlq 3 -lw 5`
will load the named tessellation file, color the tiles with "sides" pattern (B), use full floors, make screenshots of size 1000x1000, make screenshot transparent with the Poincar<61> disk black, set scaling to
0.95, and draw tiles if their size is at least 1 pixel, hide the player character, line quality to 3, and line width to 5. Add `-genlimit 999999 -pngshot x.png` or `-svgshot x.svg` to take a screenshot
(genlimit here makes sure that tiles are generated, the default is at most 250 tiles generated per call). -rulegen-play -palrgba gtree ffffffff -palw gtree 3 -expansion 1 2 7` to generate and display a tree (explained below).
Every tile on screen is represented in the memory. Tiles are generated as needed.
By default, Archimedean/tes files are generated using a simple method: when we check for a tile across an edge, we see whether a tile already exists at that coordinates -- if yes we connect to that tile,
if no we generate a new tile. However, coordinate-based computations in hyperbolic geometry are prone to numerical precision errors, so occassionally this may result in errors.
HyperRogue also implements the algorithm described [here](https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.12040) to create tree structures which avoid this problem. This is not used by default because occassionally (very rarely)
generating a tree structure can take some time (also it currently does not support affine, star, or tessellations with (ultra-)ideal-vertices). To run the algorithm, in 'experiment with geometry' pick 'size of the world' -> 'strict tree maps' -> 'strict tree based'. In the 'size of the world' menu
