gnss-sdr/src/algorithms/PVT/libs/hybrid_ls_pvt.cc

/*!
 * \file galileo_e1_ls_pvt.cc
 * \brief Implementation of a Least Squares Position, Velocity, and Time
 * (PVT) solver, based on K.Borre's Matlab receiver.
 * \author Javier Arribas, 2011. jarribas(at)cttc.es
 *
 * -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2010-2014  (see AUTHORS file for a list of contributors)
 *
 * GNSS-SDR is a software defined Global Navigation
 *          Satellite Systems receiver
 *
 * This file is part of GNSS-SDR.
 *
 * GNSS-SDR is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 * at your option) any later version.
 *
 * GNSS-SDR is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with GNSS-SDR. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 *
 * -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

#include "hybrid_ls_pvt.h"
#include <glog/logging.h>
#include "Galileo_E1.h"


using google::LogMessage;

hybrid_ls_pvt::hybrid_ls_pvt(int nchannels, std::string dump_filename, bool flag_dump_to_file)
{
    // init empty ephemeris for all the available GNSS channels
    d_nchannels = nchannels;
    d_Gal_ephemeris = new Galileo_Navigation_Message[nchannels];
    d_GPS_ephemeris = new Gps_Navigation_Message[nchannels];
    d_dump_filename = dump_filename;
    d_flag_dump_enabled = flag_dump_to_file;
    d_averaging_depth = 0;
    d_galileo_current_time = 0;
    b_valid_position = false;
    // ############# ENABLE DATA FILE LOG #################
    if (d_flag_dump_enabled == true)
        {
            if (d_dump_file.is_open() == false)
                {
                    try
                    {
                            d_dump_file.exceptions (std::ifstream::failbit | std::ifstream::badbit);
                            d_dump_file.open(d_dump_filename.c_str(), std::ios::out | std::ios::binary);
                            LOG(INFO) << "PVT lib dump enabled Log file: " << d_dump_filename.c_str();
                    }
                    catch (std::ifstream::failure e)
                    {
                            LOG(WARNING) << "Exception opening PVT lib dump file " << e.what();
                    }
                }
        }
}


void hybrid_ls_pvt::set_averaging_depth(int depth)
{
    d_averaging_depth = depth;
}


hybrid_ls_pvt::~hybrid_ls_pvt()
{
    d_dump_file.close();
    delete[] d_Gal_ephemeris;
    delete[] d_GPS_ephemeris;
}


arma::vec hybrid_ls_pvt::rotateSatellite(double traveltime, arma::vec X_sat)
{
    /*
     *  Returns rotated satellite ECEF coordinates due to Earth
     * rotation during signal travel time
     *
     *   Inputs:
     *       travelTime  - signal travel time
     *       X_sat       - satellite's ECEF coordinates
     *
     *   Returns:
     *       X_sat_rot   - rotated satellite's coordinates (ECEF)
     */

    //--- Find rotation angle --------------------------------------------------
    double omegatau;
    omegatau = OMEGA_EARTH_DOT * traveltime;

    //--- Build a rotation matrix ----------------------------------------------
    arma::mat R3 = arma::zeros(3,3);
    R3(0, 0) = cos(omegatau);
    R3(0, 1) = sin(omegatau);
    R3(0, 2) = 0.0;
    R3(1, 0) = -sin(omegatau);
    R3(1, 1) = cos(omegatau);
    R3(1, 2) = 0.0;
    R3(2, 0) = 0.0;
    R3(2, 1) = 0.0;
    R3(2, 2) = 1;

    //--- Do the rotation ------------------------------------------------------
    arma::vec X_sat_rot;
    X_sat_rot = R3 * X_sat;
    return X_sat_rot;
}


arma::vec hybrid_ls_pvt::leastSquarePos(arma::mat satpos, arma::vec obs, arma::mat w)
{
    /* Computes the Least Squares Solution.
     *   Inputs:
     *       satpos      - Satellites positions in ECEF system: [X; Y; Z;]
     *       obs         - Observations - the pseudorange measurements to each satellite
     *       w           - weigths vector
     *
     *   Returns:
     *       pos         - receiver position and receiver clock error
     *                   (in ECEF system: [X, Y, Z, dt])
     */

    //=== Initialization =======================================================
    int nmbOfIterations = 10; // TODO: include in config
    int nmbOfSatellites;
    nmbOfSatellites = satpos.n_cols;	//Armadillo
    arma::vec pos = "0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0";
    arma::mat A;
    arma::mat omc;
    arma::mat az;
    arma::mat el;
    A = arma::zeros(nmbOfSatellites, 4);
    omc = arma::zeros(nmbOfSatellites, 1);
    az = arma::zeros(1, nmbOfSatellites);
    el = arma::zeros(1, nmbOfSatellites);
    arma::mat X = satpos;
    arma::vec Rot_X;
    double rho2;
    double traveltime;
    double trop;
    arma::mat mat_tmp;
    arma::vec x;

    //=== Iteratively find receiver position ===================================
    for (int iter = 0; iter < nmbOfIterations; iter++)
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < nmbOfSatellites; i++)
                {
                    if (iter == 0)
                        {
                            //--- Initialize variables at the first iteration --------------
                            Rot_X = X.col(i); //Armadillo
                            trop = 0.0;
                        }
                    else
                        {
                            //--- Update equations -----------------------------------------
                            rho2 = (X(0, i) - pos(0)) *
                                   (X(0, i) - pos(0)) + (X(1, i) - pos(1)) *
                                   (X(1, i) - pos(1)) + (X(2, i) - pos(2)) *
                                   (X(2, i) - pos(2));
                            traveltime = sqrt(rho2) / GALILEO_C_m_s;

                            //--- Correct satellite position (do to earth rotation) --------
                            Rot_X = rotateSatellite(traveltime, X.col(i)); //armadillo

                            //--- Find DOA and range of satellites
                            topocent(&d_visible_satellites_Az[i],
                                     &d_visible_satellites_El[i],
                                     &d_visible_satellites_Distance[i],
                                     pos.subvec(0,2),
                                     Rot_X - pos.subvec(0, 2));
                        }
                    //--- Apply the corrections ----------------------------------------
                    omc(i) = (obs(i) - norm(Rot_X - pos.subvec(0, 2), 2) - pos(3) - trop); // Armadillo

                    //--- Construct the A matrix ---------------------------------------
                    //Armadillo
                    A(i,0) = (-(Rot_X(0) - pos(0))) / obs(i);
                    A(i,1) = (-(Rot_X(1) - pos(1))) / obs(i);
                    A(i,2) = (-(Rot_X(2) - pos(2))) / obs(i);
                    A(i,3) = 1.0;
                }
                
            //--- Find position update ---------------------------------------------
            x = arma::solve(w*A, w*omc); // Armadillo

            //--- Apply position update --------------------------------------------
            pos = pos + x;
            if (arma::norm(x,2) < 1e-4)
            {
            	break; // exit the loop because we assume that the LS algorithm has converged (err < 0.1 cm)
            }
        }

    try
    {
            //-- compute the Dilution Of Precision values
            d_Q = arma::inv(arma::htrans(A)*A);
    }
    catch(std::exception& e)
    {
            d_Q = arma::zeros(4,4);
    }
    return pos;
}


bool hybrid_ls_pvt::get_PVT(std::map<int,Gnss_Synchro> gnss_pseudoranges_map, double hybrid_current_time, bool flag_averaging)
{
    std::map<int,Gnss_Synchro>::iterator gnss_pseudoranges_iter;
    std::map<int,Galileo_Ephemeris>::iterator galileo_ephemeris_iter;
    std::map<int,Gps_Ephemeris>::iterator gps_ephemeris_iter;
    int valid_pseudoranges = gnss_pseudoranges_map.size();

    arma::mat W = arma::eye(valid_pseudoranges, valid_pseudoranges); //channels weights matrix
    arma::vec obs = arma::zeros(valid_pseudoranges);                 // pseudoranges observation vector
    arma::mat satpos = arma::zeros(3, valid_pseudoranges);           //satellite positions matrix

    int Galileo_week_number = 0;
    int GPS_week;
    double utc = 0;
    double utc_tx_corrected = 0; //utc computed at tx_time_corrected, added for Galileo constellation (in GPS utc is directly computed at TX_time_corrected_s)
    double SV_clock_drift_s = 0;
    double SV_relativistic_clock_corr_s = 0;
    double TX_time_corrected_s;
    double SV_clock_bias_s = 0;

    d_flag_averaging = flag_averaging;

    // ********************************************************************************
    // ****** PREPARE THE LEAST SQUARES DATA (SV POSITIONS MATRIX AND OBS VECTORS) ****
    // ********************************************************************************
    int valid_obs = 0; //valid observations counter
    int obs_counter = 0;
    for(gnss_pseudoranges_iter = gnss_pseudoranges_map.begin();
            gnss_pseudoranges_iter != gnss_pseudoranges_map.end();
            gnss_pseudoranges_iter++)
        {

    		if (gnss_pseudoranges_iter->second.System == 'E')
    			{
    				//std::cout << "Satellite System: " << gnss_pseudoranges_iter->second.System <<std::endl;
    				// 1 Gal - find the ephemeris for the current GALILEO SV observation. The SV PRN ID is the map key
    				galileo_ephemeris_iter = galileo_ephemeris_map.find(gnss_pseudoranges_iter->first);
    				if (galileo_ephemeris_iter != galileo_ephemeris_map.end())
 			                 {
    			                    /*!
    			                     * \todo Place here the satellite CN0 (power level, or weight factor)
    			                     */
    			                    W(obs_counter, obs_counter) = 1;

    			                    // COMMON RX TIME PVT ALGORITHM MODIFICATION (Like RINEX files)
    			                    // first estimate of transmit time
    			                    //Galileo_week_number = galileo_ephemeris_iter->second.WN_5;//for GST
    			                    //double sec_in_day = 86400;
    			                    //double day_in_week = 7;
    			                    //   t = WN*sec_in_day*day_in_week + TOW; // t is Galileo System Time to use to compute satellite positions

    			                    //JAVIER VERSION:
    			                    double Rx_time = hybrid_current_time;
    			                    //std::cout<<"Gal_Rx_time = "<< Rx_time << std::endl;
    			                    //to compute satellite position we need GST = WN+TOW (everything expressed in seconds)
    			                    //double Rx_time = galileo_current_time + Galileo_week_number*sec_in_day*day_in_week;

    			                    double Tx_time = Rx_time - gnss_pseudoranges_iter->second.Pseudorange_m/GALILEO_C_m_s;
    			                    //std::cout<<"Gal_Tx_time = "<< Tx_time << std::endl;
    			                    // 2- compute the clock drift using the clock model (broadcast) for this SV
    			                    SV_clock_drift_s = galileo_ephemeris_iter->second.sv_clock_drift(Tx_time);

    			                    // 3- compute the relativistic clock drift using the clock model (broadcast) for this SV
    			                    SV_relativistic_clock_corr_s = galileo_ephemeris_iter->second.sv_clock_relativistic_term(Tx_time);

    			                    // 4- compute the current ECEF position for this SV using corrected TX time
    			                    SV_clock_bias_s = SV_clock_drift_s + SV_relativistic_clock_corr_s;

    			                    TX_time_corrected_s = Tx_time - SV_clock_bias_s;
    			                    //std::cout<<"Gal_TX_time_corrected_s = "<< TX_time_corrected_s << std::endl;
    			                    galileo_ephemeris_iter->second.satellitePosition(TX_time_corrected_s);

    			                    satpos(0,obs_counter) = galileo_ephemeris_iter->second.d_satpos_X;
    			                    satpos(1,obs_counter) = galileo_ephemeris_iter->second.d_satpos_Y;
    			                    satpos(2,obs_counter) = galileo_ephemeris_iter->second.d_satpos_Z;

    			                    // 5- fill the observations vector with the corrected pseudoranges
    			                    obs(obs_counter) = gnss_pseudoranges_iter->second.Pseudorange_m + SV_clock_bias_s*GALILEO_C_m_s;
    			                    d_visible_satellites_IDs[valid_obs] = galileo_ephemeris_iter->second.i_satellite_PRN;
    			                    d_visible_satellites_CN0_dB[valid_obs] = gnss_pseudoranges_iter->second.CN0_dB_hz;
    			                    valid_obs++;

    			                    Galileo_week_number = galileo_ephemeris_iter->second.WN_5; //for GST

    			                    //debug
    			                    double GST = galileo_ephemeris_iter->second.Galileo_System_Time(Galileo_week_number, hybrid_current_time);
    			                    utc = galileo_utc_model.GST_to_UTC_time(GST, Galileo_week_number); // this shoud be removed and it should be considered the  utc_tx_corrected
    			                    utc_tx_corrected = galileo_utc_model.GST_to_UTC_time(TX_time_corrected_s, Galileo_week_number);
    			                    //std::cout<<"Gal UTC at TX_time_corrected_s = "<<utc_tx_corrected<< std::endl;
    			                    //std::cout<<"Gal_week = "<<Galileo_week_number<< std::endl;
    			                    //std::cout << "Gal UTC = " <<  utc << std::endl;
    			                    // get time string gregorian calendar
    			                    boost::posix_time::time_duration t = boost::posix_time::seconds(utc);
    			                    // 22 August 1999 00:00 last Galileo start GST epoch (ICD sec 5.1.2)
    			                    boost::posix_time::ptime p_time(boost::gregorian::date(1999, 8, 22), t);
    			                    d_position_UTC_time = p_time;
    			                    LOG(INFO) << "Galileo RX time at " << boost::posix_time::to_simple_string(p_time);
    			                    //end debug

    			                    // SV ECEF DEBUG OUTPUT
    			                    LOG(INFO) << "ECEF satellite SV ID=" << galileo_ephemeris_iter->second.i_satellite_PRN
    			                               << " X=" << galileo_ephemeris_iter->second.d_satpos_X
    			                               << " [m] Y=" << galileo_ephemeris_iter->second.d_satpos_Y
    			                               << " [m] Z=" << galileo_ephemeris_iter->second.d_satpos_Z
    			                               << " [m] PR_obs=" << obs(obs_counter) << " [m]";
    			                    //std::cout<<"E"<<galileo_ephemeris_iter->second.i_satellite_PRN<< " satellite position computed"<< std::endl;
    			             }

    				else // the ephemeris are not available for this SV
                             {
                                    // no valid pseudorange for the current SV
                                    W(obs_counter, obs_counter) = 0; // SV de-activated
                                    obs(obs_counter) = 1;            // to avoid algorithm problems (divide by zero)
                                    DLOG(INFO) << "No ephemeris data for SV " << gnss_pseudoranges_iter->first;
                             }


    			}
    		else if (gnss_pseudoranges_iter->second.System == 'G')
    		    {
    				//std::cout << "Satellite System: " << gnss_pseudoranges_iter->second.System <<std::endl;
    				// 1 GPS - find the ephemeris for the current GPS SV observation. The SV PRN ID is the map key
    				gps_ephemeris_iter = gps_ephemeris_map.find(gnss_pseudoranges_iter->first);
    			    if (gps_ephemeris_iter != gps_ephemeris_map.end())
    			            {
									/*!
									 * \todo Place here the satellite CN0 (power level, or weight factor)
									 */
									W(obs_counter, obs_counter) = 1;

									// COMMON RX TIME PVT ALGORITHM MODIFICATION (Like RINEX files)
									// first estimate of transmit time
									double Rx_time = hybrid_current_time;
									//std::cout<<"Gps_Rx_time = "<< Rx_time << std::endl;
									double Tx_time = Rx_time - gnss_pseudoranges_iter->second.Pseudorange_m/GPS_C_m_s;
									//std::cout<<"Gps_Tx_time = "<< Tx_time << std::endl;
									// 2- compute the clock drift using the clock model (broadcast) for this SV
									SV_clock_drift_s = gps_ephemeris_iter->second.sv_clock_drift(Tx_time);

									// 3- compute the relativistic clock drift using the clock model (broadcast) for this SV
									SV_relativistic_clock_corr_s = gps_ephemeris_iter->second.sv_clock_relativistic_term(Tx_time);

									// 4- compute the current ECEF position for this SV using corrected TX time
									SV_clock_bias_s = SV_clock_drift_s + SV_relativistic_clock_corr_s - gps_ephemeris_iter->second.d_TGD;
									TX_time_corrected_s = Tx_time - SV_clock_bias_s;
									gps_ephemeris_iter->second.satellitePosition(TX_time_corrected_s);

									satpos(0, obs_counter) = gps_ephemeris_iter->second.d_satpos_X;
									satpos(1, obs_counter) = gps_ephemeris_iter->second.d_satpos_Y;
									satpos(2, obs_counter) = gps_ephemeris_iter->second.d_satpos_Z;

									// 5- fill the observations vector with the corrected pseudorranges
									obs(obs_counter) = gnss_pseudoranges_iter->second.Pseudorange_m + SV_clock_bias_s*GPS_C_m_s;
									d_visible_satellites_IDs[valid_obs] = gps_ephemeris_iter->second.i_satellite_PRN;
									d_visible_satellites_CN0_dB[valid_obs] = gnss_pseudoranges_iter->second.CN0_dB_hz;
									valid_obs++;

									// SV ECEF DEBUG OUTPUT
									LOG(INFO) << "(new)ECEF satellite SV ID=" << gps_ephemeris_iter->second.i_satellite_PRN
											<< " X=" << gps_ephemeris_iter->second.d_satpos_X
											<< " [m] Y=" << gps_ephemeris_iter->second.d_satpos_Y
											<< " [m] Z=" << gps_ephemeris_iter->second.d_satpos_Z
											<< " [m] PR_obs=" << obs(obs_counter) << " [m]";
									//std::cout<<"G"<<gps_ephemeris_iter->second.i_satellite_PRN<< " satellite position computed"<< std::endl;



									// compute the UTC time for this SV (just to print the asociated UTC timestamp)
									GPS_week = gps_ephemeris_iter->second.i_GPS_week;
									//std::cout<<"GPS_week = "<< GPS_week << std::endl;
									utc = gps_utc_model.utc_time(TX_time_corrected_s, GPS_week);
									//std::cout << "GPS UTC at TX_time_corrected_s= " <<  utc << std::endl;
							}
    			            else // the ephemeris are not available for this SV
    			                    {
    			                    // no valid pseudorange for the current SV
    			                    W(obs_counter, obs_counter) = 0; // SV de-activated
    			                    obs(obs_counter) = 1;            // to avoid algorithm problems (divide by zero)
    			                    DLOG(INFO) << "No ephemeris data for SV " << gnss_pseudoranges_iter->first;
    			                    }

    		    		}





    		 obs_counter++;

        }
    //std::cout<<"Number of observations in PVT = " <<  obs_counter << std::endl;
    // ********************************************************************************
    // ****** SOLVE LEAST SQUARES******************************************************
    // ********************************************************************************
    d_valid_observations = valid_obs;
    LOG(INFO) << "HYBRID PVT: valid observations=" << valid_obs;

    if (valid_obs >= 4)
        {
    	 //std::cout<<"LS SOLVER CALLED " <<  obs_counter << std::endl;
            arma::vec mypos;
            //std::cout << "satpos=" << satpos;
            //std::cout << "obs="<< obs;
            //std::cout << "W=" << W;
            DLOG(INFO) << "satpos=" << satpos;
            DLOG(INFO) << "obs="<< obs;
            DLOG(INFO) << "W=" << W;
            mypos = leastSquarePos(satpos, obs, W);

            // Compute GST and Gregorian time
            double GST = galileo_ephemeris_iter->second.Galileo_System_Time(Galileo_week_number, hybrid_current_time);
            utc = galileo_utc_model.GST_to_UTC_time(GST, Galileo_week_number);
            // get time string Gregorian calendar
            boost::posix_time::time_duration t = boost::posix_time::seconds(utc);
            // 22 August 1999 00:00 last Galileo start GST epoch (ICD sec 5.1.2)
            boost::posix_time::ptime p_time(boost::gregorian::date(1999, 8, 22), t);
            d_position_UTC_time = p_time;
            LOG(INFO) << "HYBRID Position at TOW=" << hybrid_current_time << " in ECEF (X,Y,Z) = " << mypos;

            cart2geo((double)mypos(0), (double)mypos(1), (double)mypos(2), 4);
            //ToDo: Find an Observables/PVT random bug with some satellite configurations that gives an erratic PVT solution (i.e. height>50 km)
            if (d_height_m > 50000)
                {
                    b_valid_position = false;
                    LOG(INFO) << "Hybrid Position at " << boost::posix_time::to_simple_string(p_time)
                              << " is Lat = " << d_latitude_d << " [deg], Long = " << d_longitude_d
                              << " [deg], Height= " << d_height_m << " [m]";

                    std::cout << "Hybrid Position at " << boost::posix_time::to_simple_string(p_time)
                              << " is Lat = " << d_latitude_d << " [deg], Long = " << d_longitude_d
                              << " [deg], Height= " << d_height_m << " [m]" << std::endl;
                    return false;
                }

            LOG(INFO) << "Hybrid Position at " << boost::posix_time::to_simple_string(p_time)
                      << " is Lat = " << d_latitude_d << " [deg], Long = " << d_longitude_d
                      << " [deg], Height= " << d_height_m << " [m]";
            // ###### Compute DOPs ########
            // 1- Rotation matrix from ECEF coordinates to ENU coordinates
            // ref: http://www.navipedia.net/index.php/Transformations_between_ECEF_and_ENU_coordinates
            arma::mat F = arma::zeros(3,3);
            F(0,0) = -sin(GPS_TWO_PI*(d_longitude_d/360.0));
            F(0,1) = -sin(GPS_TWO_PI*(d_latitude_d/360.0))*cos(GPS_TWO_PI*(d_longitude_d/360.0));
            F(0,2) = cos(GPS_TWO_PI*(d_latitude_d/360.0))*cos(GPS_TWO_PI*(d_longitude_d/360.0));

            F(1,0) = cos((GPS_TWO_PI*d_longitude_d)/360.0);
            F(1,1) = -sin((GPS_TWO_PI*d_latitude_d)/360.0)*sin((GPS_TWO_PI*d_longitude_d)/360.0);
            F(1,2) = cos((GPS_TWO_PI*d_latitude_d/360.0))*sin((GPS_TWO_PI*d_longitude_d)/360.0);

            F(2,0) = 0;
            F(2,1) = cos((GPS_TWO_PI*d_latitude_d)/360.0);
            F(2,2) = sin((GPS_TWO_PI*d_latitude_d/360.0));

            // 2- Apply the rotation to the latest covariance matrix (available in ECEF from LS)
            arma::mat Q_ECEF = d_Q.submat(0, 0, 2, 2);
            arma::mat DOP_ENU = arma::zeros(3, 3);

            try
            {
                    DOP_ENU = arma::htrans(F)*Q_ECEF*F;
                    d_GDOP  = sqrt(arma::trace(DOP_ENU));                       // Geometric DOP
                    d_PDOP  = sqrt(DOP_ENU(0,0) + DOP_ENU(1,1) + DOP_ENU(2,2)); // PDOP
                    d_HDOP  = sqrt(DOP_ENU(0,0) + DOP_ENU(1,1));                // HDOP
                    d_VDOP  = sqrt(DOP_ENU(2,2));                               // VDOP
                    d_TDOP  = sqrt(d_Q(3,3));                                   // TDOP
            }
            catch(std::exception& ex)
            {
                    d_GDOP = -1;   // Geometric DOP
                    d_PDOP = -1;   // PDOP
                    d_HDOP = -1;   // HDOP
                    d_VDOP = -1;   // VDOP
                    d_TDOP = -1;   // TDOP
            }

            // ######## LOG FILE #########
            if(d_flag_dump_enabled == true)
                {
                    // MULTIPLEXED FILE RECORDING - Record results to file
                    try
                    {
                            double tmp_double;
                            //  PVT GPS time
                            tmp_double = hybrid_current_time;
                            d_dump_file.write((char*)&tmp_double, sizeof(double));
                            // ECEF User Position East [m]
                            tmp_double = mypos(0);
                            d_dump_file.write((char*)&tmp_double, sizeof(double));
                            // ECEF User Position North [m]
                            tmp_double = mypos(1);
                            d_dump_file.write((char*)&tmp_double, sizeof(double));
                            // ECEF User Position Up [m]
                            tmp_double = mypos(2);
                            d_dump_file.write((char*)&tmp_double, sizeof(double));
                            // User clock offset [s]
                            tmp_double = mypos(3);
                            d_dump_file.write((char*)&tmp_double, sizeof(double));
                            // GEO user position Latitude [deg]
                            tmp_double = d_latitude_d;
                            d_dump_file.write((char*)&tmp_double, sizeof(double));
                            // GEO user position Longitude [deg]
                            tmp_double = d_longitude_d;
                            d_dump_file.write((char*)&tmp_double, sizeof(double));
                            // GEO user position Height [m]
                            tmp_double = d_height_m;
                            d_dump_file.write((char*)&tmp_double, sizeof(double));
                    }
                    catch (const std::ifstream::failure& e)
                    {
                            LOG(WARNING) << "Exception writing PVT LS dump file "<< e.what();
                    }
                }

            // MOVING AVERAGE PVT
            if (flag_averaging == true)
                {
                    if (d_hist_longitude_d.size() == (unsigned int)d_averaging_depth)
                        {
                            // Pop oldest value
                            d_hist_longitude_d.pop_back();
                            d_hist_latitude_d.pop_back();
                            d_hist_height_m.pop_back();
                            // Push new values
                            d_hist_longitude_d.push_front(d_longitude_d);
                            d_hist_latitude_d.push_front(d_latitude_d);
                            d_hist_height_m.push_front(d_height_m);

                            d_avg_latitude_d = 0;
                            d_avg_longitude_d = 0;
                            d_avg_height_m = 0;
                            for (unsigned int i = 0; i < d_hist_longitude_d.size(); i++)
                                {
                                    d_avg_latitude_d = d_avg_latitude_d + d_hist_latitude_d.at(i);
                                    d_avg_longitude_d = d_avg_longitude_d + d_hist_longitude_d.at(i);
                                    d_avg_height_m  = d_avg_height_m + d_hist_height_m.at(i);
                                }
                            d_avg_latitude_d = d_avg_latitude_d / (double)d_averaging_depth;
                            d_avg_longitude_d = d_avg_longitude_d / (double)d_averaging_depth;
                            d_avg_height_m = d_avg_height_m / (double)d_averaging_depth;
                            b_valid_position = true;
                            return true; //indicates that the returned position is valid
                        }
                    else
                        {
                            // int current_depth=d_hist_longitude_d.size();
                            // Push new values
                            d_hist_longitude_d.push_front(d_longitude_d);
                            d_hist_latitude_d.push_front(d_latitude_d);
                            d_hist_height_m.push_front(d_height_m);

                            d_avg_latitude_d = d_latitude_d;
                            d_avg_longitude_d = d_longitude_d;
                            d_avg_height_m = d_height_m;
                            b_valid_position = false;
                            return false; //indicates that the returned position is not valid yet
                        }
                }
            else
                {
                    b_valid_position = true;
                    return true; //indicates that the returned position is valid
                }
       }
    else
        {
            b_valid_position = false;
            return false;
        }
    return false;
}


void hybrid_ls_pvt::cart2geo(double X, double Y, double Z, int elipsoid_selection)
{
    /* Conversion of Cartesian coordinates (X,Y,Z) to geographical
     coordinates (latitude, longitude, h) on a selected reference ellipsoid.

       Choices of Reference Ellipsoid for Geographical Coordinates
                 0. International Ellipsoid 1924
                 1. International Ellipsoid 1967
                 2. World Geodetic System 1972
                 3. Geodetic Reference System 1980
                 4. World Geodetic System 1984
     */

    const double a[5] = {6378388, 6378160, 6378135, 6378137, 6378137};
    const double f[5] = {1/297, 1/298.247, 1/298.26, 1/298.257222101, 1/298.257223563};

    double lambda  = atan2(Y, X);
    double ex2 = (2 - f[elipsoid_selection]) * f[elipsoid_selection] / ((1 - f[elipsoid_selection])*(1 - f[elipsoid_selection]));
    double c = a[elipsoid_selection] * sqrt(1+ex2);
    double phi = atan(Z / ((sqrt(X*X + Y*Y)*(1 - (2 - f[elipsoid_selection])) * f[elipsoid_selection])));

    double h = 0.1;
    double oldh = 0;
    double N;
    int iterations = 0;
    do
        {
            oldh = h;
            N = c / sqrt(1 + ex2 * (cos(phi) * cos(phi)));
            phi = atan(Z / ((sqrt(X*X + Y*Y) * (1 - (2 - f[elipsoid_selection]) * f[elipsoid_selection] *N / (N + h) ))));
            h = sqrt(X*X + Y*Y) / cos(phi) - N;
            iterations = iterations + 1;
            if (iterations > 100)
                {
                    LOG(WARNING) << "Failed to approximate h with desired precision. h-oldh= " << h - oldh;
                    break;
                }
        }
    while (abs(h - oldh) > 1.0e-12);
    d_latitude_d = phi * 180.0 / GPS_PI;
    d_longitude_d = lambda * 180 / GPS_PI;
    d_height_m = h;
}


void hybrid_ls_pvt::togeod(double *dphi, double *dlambda, double *h, double a, double finv, double X, double Y, double Z)
{
    /* Subroutine to calculate geodetic coordinates latitude, longitude,
	height given Cartesian coordinates X,Y,Z, and reference ellipsoid
	values semi-major axis (a) and the inverse of flattening (finv).

	 The output units of angular quantities will be in decimal degrees
	  (15.5 degrees not 15 deg 30 min). The output units of h will be the
	  same as the units of X,Y,Z,a.

	   Inputs:
	       a           - semi-major axis of the reference ellipsoid
	       finv        - inverse of flattening of the reference ellipsoid
	       X,Y,Z       - Cartesian coordinates

	   Outputs:
	       dphi        - latitude
	       dlambda     - longitude
	       h           - height above reference ellipsoid

	       Based in a Matlab function by Kai Borre
     */

    *h = 0;
    double tolsq = 1.e-10;  // tolerance to accept convergence
    int maxit = 10;         // max number of iterations
    double rtd = 180/GPS_PI;

    // compute square of eccentricity
    double esq;
    if (finv < 1.0E-20)
        {
            esq = 0;
        }
    else
        {
            esq = (2 - 1/finv) / finv;
        }

    // first guess
    double P = sqrt(X*X + Y*Y); // P is distance from spin axis

    //direct calculation of longitude
    if (P > 1.0E-20)
        {
            *dlambda = atan2(Y, X) * rtd;
        }
    else
        {
            *dlambda = 0;
        }

    // correct longitude bound
    if (*dlambda < 0)
        {
            *dlambda = *dlambda + 360.0;
        }

    double r = sqrt(P*P + Z*Z); // r is distance from origin (0,0,0)

    double sinphi;
    if (r > 1.0E-20)
        {
            sinphi = Z/r;
        }
    else
        {
            sinphi = 0;
        }
    *dphi = asin(sinphi);

    // initial value of height  =  distance from origin minus
    // approximate distance from origin to surface of ellipsoid
    if (r < 1.0E-20)
        {
            *h = 0;
            return;
        }

    *h = r - a*(1 - sinphi*sinphi/finv);

    // iterate
    double cosphi;
    double N_phi;
    double dP;
    double dZ;
    double oneesq = 1 - esq;

    for (int i = 0; i < maxit; i++)
        {
            sinphi = sin(*dphi);
            cosphi = cos(*dphi);

            // compute radius of curvature in prime vertical direction
            N_phi = a / sqrt(1 - esq*sinphi*sinphi);

            //    compute residuals in P and Z
            dP = P - (N_phi + (*h)) * cosphi;
            dZ = Z - (N_phi*oneesq + (*h)) * sinphi;

            //    update height and latitude
            *h = *h + (sinphi*dZ + cosphi*dP);
            *dphi = *dphi + (cosphi*dZ - sinphi*dP)/(N_phi + (*h));

            //     test for convergence
            if ((dP*dP + dZ*dZ) < tolsq)
                {
                    break;
                }
            if (i == (maxit - 1))
                {
                    LOG(WARNING) << "The computation of geodetic coordinates did not converge";
                }
        }
    *dphi = (*dphi) * rtd;
}


void hybrid_ls_pvt::topocent(double *Az, double *El, double *D, arma::vec x, arma::vec dx)
{
    /*  Transformation of vector dx into topocentric coordinate
	system with origin at x
	   Inputs:
	      x           - vector origin coordinates (in ECEF system [X; Y; Z;])
	      dx          - vector ([dX; dY; dZ;]).

	   Outputs:
	      D           - vector length. Units like the input
	      Az          - azimuth from north positive clockwise, degrees
	      El          - elevation angle, degrees

	      Based on a Matlab function by Kai Borre
     */
    double lambda;
    double phi;
    double h;
    double dtr = GPS_PI/180.0;
    double a = 6378137.0;        // semi-major axis of the reference ellipsoid WGS-84
    double finv = 298.257223563; // inverse of flattening of the reference ellipsoid WGS-84

    // Transform x into geodetic coordinates
    togeod(&phi, &lambda, &h, a, finv, x(0), x(1), x(2));

    double cl = cos(lambda * dtr);
    double sl = sin(lambda * dtr);
    double cb = cos(phi * dtr);
    double sb = sin(phi * dtr);

    arma::mat F = arma::zeros(3,3);

    F(0,0) = -sl;
    F(0,1) = -sb*cl;
    F(0,2) = cb*cl;

    F(1,0) = cl;
    F(1,1) = -sb*sl;
    F(1,2) = cb*sl;

    F(2,0) = 0;
    F(2,1) = cb;
    F(2,2) = sb;

    arma::vec local_vector;

    local_vector = arma::htrans(F) * dx;

    double E = local_vector(0);
    double N = local_vector(1);
    double U = local_vector(2);

    double hor_dis;
    hor_dis = sqrt(E*E + N*N);

    if (hor_dis < 1.0E-20)
        {
            *Az = 0;
            *El = 90;
        }
    else
        {
            *Az = atan2(E, N)/dtr;
            *El = atan2(U, hor_dis)/dtr;
        }

    if (*Az < 0)
        {
            *Az = *Az + 360.0;
        }

    *D = sqrt(dx(0)*dx(0) + dx(1)*dx(1) + dx(2)*dx(2));
}